Claudio Bifano, a professor at the Central University of Venezuela and former president of the Venezuelan Academy of Science, believes the country’s universities are suffering from “the most severe crisis in the past 50 years”. Government policies have focused on producing large numbers of graduates, he says, without regard to standards, and on “train(ing) the professionals that the revolution supposedly needs for its political purposes”.
While the government has opened a number of new universities in its own ideological image, the traditional autonomous institutions “suffer severe financial restrictions and legal constraints imposed by people who do not recognise the importance of research and higher education”, says Prof. Bifano, adding that private colleges are “also legally harassed by the government”.
Political unrest in Venezuela is being fuelled by the poor performance of the country’s economy, which is leading to severe shortages of medicine and food, as well as to increasing lawlessness. Maduro was re-elected in 2013 on a platform of using income from Venezuela’s natural resources to reduce inequality, but falling oil prices have forced the curtailment of social programmes.
Rafael Moreno, currently enrolled in a Masters programme in nanomaterials at the University of Bristol, was until last year an undergraduate in Venezuela, where his “generation knows only shortages and cuts”. The current crisis, in his view, has been a long time coming. He remembers how his “university stopped paying for access to different journals” in 2008-09 and notes that “academic productivity has been in clear decline from the mid-2000s”.
Although “many universities in the country have been in an intermittent state of strikes for years”, Moreno says this has now come to a head. His hometown University of Carabobo, in Valencia, is “commonly stopped in its daily activities by the face-covered troublemakers known as capuchas. When the university is not on strike, these gangs with clear political affiliations — promoting government intervention in the university — stop the university’s activities by means of violence.”
An equally gloomy picture is provided by Benjamin Scharifker, rector of the private Metropolitan University in Caracas. Lack of access to foreign currency, a consequence of tight state controls, he says, means that “maintaining or buying equipment, materials or reagents for laboratories, including vehicles for transportation, is practically impossible”. The problems are amplified by inadequate levels of funding, which result in “nearly all resources in public and private universities (being) spent on salaries, with little or nothing left for maintenance, renovations (and) new facilities”.
University leaders are also constrained, explains Prof. Scharifker, by the fact that “opening new undergraduate and graduate programmes requires government authorisation. No new programmes have been authorised in private universities for a decade, and very few in public universities not under the direct control of the government”.
On his own campus, daily protests are met with “continuous repression by police and the military”, all of which takes its “toll in loss of lives, injuries and arbitrary detention of students”. In addition, there are many incidents of theft, students are often “beaten and deprived of their mobile phones or laptop computers” and universities have been “forced to close night classes”. Given such episodes, it’s hardly surprising that many students abandon their degrees “out of fear”.